Community Disaster Resilience in Serbia

In the face of natural disasters, communities are often the first line of defence, bearing the brunt of devastation while also displaying remarkable resilience in their aftermath. The ability of societies to withstand, adapt to, and recover from such crises is a testament to the strength and resourcefulness inherent in human communities. This monograph, titled "Community Disaster Resilience in Serbia," represents a concerted effort to delve into the underlying dynamics that shape a community's capacity to cope with natural disasters. Focusing on Serbia, a country with a rich tapestry of social, economic, and demographic complexities, this research endeavors to unravel the intricate interplay between various socio-economic and demographic factors and community resilience. The research methodology employed in this study is grounded in a comprehensive quantitative approach, leveraging rigorous statistical analyses to explore the multifaceted dimensions of community disaster resilience. Through the administration of a carefully crafted questionnaire to 321 participants in January 2024, we sought to capture diverse perspectives and experiences, enriching our understanding of the complex socio-economic and demographic landscape of Serbia. At its core, this study recognizes the critical importance of understanding how factors such as income, employment status, marital status, education, risk perception, gender, and age intersect to influence a community's ability to withstand and recover from natural disasters. By shedding light on these nuanced relationships, we aim to equip policymakers, practitioners, and community leaders with evidence-based insights to enhance disaster preparedness and response efforts. A notable aspect of our methodology is the utilization of the snowball sampling method, which facilitated the organic expansion of our participant pool. By harnessing the networks and connections within communities, we were able to access a diverse array of voices, enriching our dataset and ensuring the robustness of our findings. Central to our inquiry is the exploration of how age, education, and gender intersect with broader social structures, capital, mechanisms, equity, diversity, and beliefs to shape community disaster resilience in Serbia. By elucidating these relationships, we aim to provide insights that can inform targeted interventions and policy initiatives aimed at bolstering community resilience across the country. This monograph holds significant importance in the field of disaster resilience research and practice for several reasons. Firstly, it fills a crucial gap in the existing literature by providing comprehensive insights into the impacts of demographic and socioeconomic factors on community disaster resilience, particularly within the context of Serbia. While studies on disaster resilience abound, there is a notable scarcity of research specifically examining the influence of demographic and socioeconomic factors on resilience in this region. Secondly, the findings of this research offer practical implications for policymakers, government agencies, non-governmental organisations, and community leaders involved in disaster management and resilience-building initiatives. By identifying key predictors and factors influencing community resilience, stakeholders can tailor interventions and strategies to address specific vulnerabilities and enhance the capacity of communities to withstand, adapt to, and recover from disasters effectively. Furthermore, the utilization of robust statistical methods and the comprehensive nature of the research design enhance the reliability and validity of the findings presented in this monograph. The employment of multivariate regression analysis allows for a nuanced understanding of the relationships between various predictors and different dimensions of community disaster resilience, providing valuable insights for both academics and practitioners. Moreover, by employing an adapted version of the ‘5Ssocial resilience framework, this research contributes to the advancement of theoretical frameworks and conceptual models in the field of disaster resilience. The application of such frameworks enables researchers and practitioners to systematically assess and evaluate the complex interplay between social, economic, and environmental factors shaping community resilience, thereby facilitating more informed decision-making and resource allocation. Overall, this monograph serves as a seminal contribution to the burgeoning field of disaster resilience, offering evidence-based insights and actionable recommendations for enhancing resilience-building efforts in Serbia and beyond. Its significance lies not only in its empirical findings but also in its potential to inform policy development, guide practice, and inspire further research in the pursuit of building more resilient and adaptive communities worldwide. As we embark on this intellectual journey, we extend our gratitude to all those who have contributed to this endeavor, from the participants who generously shared their insights to the researchers and practitioners whose expertise has guided our inquiry. We hope this monograph will serve as a valuable resource for academics, policymakers, and practitioners alike, fostering dialogue and collaboration in our collective efforts to build more resilient communities in Serbia and beyond. Conclusion: The resilience of social communities to natural disasters represents an important research area in the field of disaster studies. By enhancing the level of such resilience, the fundamental prerequisites for the safe functioning of society in various unforeseen events are achieved. This scientific monograph delves into the intricate dynamics of community disaster resilience, shedding light on the interplay between demographic and socioeconomic factors. Through a rigorous quantitative study, the research investigates how variables such as age, education, employment status, and property ownership influence the resilience of communities to disasters of varying magnitudes. Utilizing multivariate regression analysis, the study identifies key predictors across different dimensions of community disaster resilience. It uncovers nuanced insights, revealing the differential impact of demographic and socioeconomic factors on various aspects of resilience. Among the findings, age, education, employment status, and property ownership emerge as significant predictors, shaping the overall resilience profile of communities. The calculated mean value of the community disaster resilience index provides a comprehensive overview, indicating a modest level of resilience across the studied communities. Notably, the analysis highlights variations in resilience across different subscales, with social beliefs garnering the highest ratings and social structure scoring the lowest. This disparity underscores the complex nature of community resilience and the need for targeted interventions to address specific vulnerabilities. Furthermore, the research offers valuable insights into the prevalence of preventive measures adopted by communities to mitigate disaster risks. Epidemics, extreme temperatures, and storms emerge as the most common focus areas for preventive measures, reflecting societal priorities in disaster preparedness. Interestingly, the study also delves into societal perceptions of disaster resilience, revealing divergent attitudes towards different types of hazards. While epidemics, extreme temperatures, and drought are perceived to have higher resilience levels, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis are viewed with comparatively lower confidence. This discrepancy in perception underscores the importance of understanding community attitudes and beliefs in shaping disaster resilience strategies. In essence, this monograph contributes to the growing body of knowledge on community disaster resilience by providing empirical evidence and nuanced insights into the factors influencing resilience levels. By identifying predictors, assessing resilience indices, and exploring societal perceptions, the research informs evidence-based approaches for enhancing community resilience and fostering sustainable disaster risk reduction strategies. Distinct subscales underscore variations, emphasizing the importance of targeted interventions. Positive views on response services and community leadership coexist with a generally neutral stance on disaster preparedness. Social capital reflects mutual trust, with space for increased community engagement. Social mechanisms indicate positive attitudes but underscore the need for enhanced household disaster preparedness, risk perception, and citizen disaster awareness. High scores in addressing social injustices reveal positive attitudes, but lower ratings for specific programs suggest areas for improvement. Cultural aspects demonstrate positive attitudes towards traditions, faith, and cultural values, with challenges in trust during disasters and the role of religious leaders pointing to potential improvements. Correlations between education status, marital status, and various dimensions highlight nuanced relationships impacting community disaster resilience. The study offers a basis for focused interventions across a variety of criteria and sheds light on areas that might want improvement. By adding to our knowledge of Serbian community disaster resilience, this study helps practitioners and policymakers create focused interventions and promote a more just and resilient society that can withstand a variety of calamities. Aside from that, this study significantly advances our knowledge of community (social) resilience in the face of various natural disasters, with an emphasis on the effects of demographic and socioeconomic factors. The identification of key predictors such as age, education, employment, and property ownership provides researchers with a foundation for further investigations and analyses. The research results indicate the need for differentiated approaches in studying community resilience to various types of disasters, providing new insights into complex sociodemographic factors. This paper carries significant social implications that can be utilized in the development of policies and practices to enhance community (social) disaster resilience in Serbia. These results can be used as a starting point for the creation of educational initiatives, awareness-raising campaigns, and community support systems for anticipating and responding to various calamities. Results of the analysis across various dimensions of community resilience to disasters indicate a significant role of age as a predictor of social structure. These findings can be explained by the fact that older individuals, thanks to their previous life experiences, social networks, and spiritual beliefs, contribute to shaping the social structure of the community. Their prolonged exposure to disaster-related events allows them a subtler understanding of social structures and the effectiveness of responses in such situations. Further examinations also suggest a correlation between age and dimensions such as social structure, social mechanisms, social justice and diversity, as well as social beliefs. Subsequent analysis suggests that older participants have a positive association with higher ratings for social structure, while ratings for social mechanisms, social justice and diversity, as well as social beliefs, decrease as the age of participants progresses. This trend can be attributed to factors such as accumulated life experiences, historical perspectives, and deeper involvement in communal activities over time. Concurrently, education emerges as a key predictor for the sub-scale of social capital. Participants with a high school diploma consistently rate higher across dimensions including social structure, social mechanisms, and social justice and diversity compared to those with a university degree. This positive correlation can be attributed to increased social awareness, communication skills, and a broader understanding of community dynamics that come with higher education. Additionally, participants with a university education report higher ratings for social capital, preventive measures, and perception of disaster resilience compared to those with a high school diploma. These individuals with a university education likely experience higher levels of social connectedness, engagement, and support, thus being more inclined towards taking proactive measures and showing greater resilience perception in facing disasters compared to their peers with a high school diploma. Furthermore, employment has been shown as the most significant predictor for the sub-scales of social mechanisms, social justice and diversity, while property ownership is a key predictor for the sub-scale of social beliefs. Additional analysis reveals associations between employment and various variables, including social structure, social mechanisms, social justice and diversity, as well as social beliefs. Unemployed participants often give higher ratings regarding social structure, equality/diversity, and beliefs compared to employed participants. This study further demonstrates that individuals who own personal property consistently give lower ratings across various dimensions, including social capital, social beliefs, preventive measures, and resilience to disasters, compared to individuals who own property within family ownership. Detailed analysis reveals that participants with below-average income consistently assign lower ratings across various dimensions. Specifically, compared to those with average income, participants with below-average income give lower ratings for social mechanisms, social justice and diversity, and social beliefs. Additional analysis reveals that individuals residing in households with two members usually give lower ratings to social structures, while those in households with more than four members tend to give higher ratings to social mechanisms, social justice and diversity, as well as social beliefs. Furthermore, the research indicates a correlation between marital status and ratings, with single individuals consistently giving higher ratings across different dimensions compared to those who are in a relationship or divorced. This relationship between marital status and various dimensions may indicate that the existence of singles has specific attitudes or behaviors that contribute to a more positive valuation of social capital, preventive measures, and disaster resilience. The average value of the index measuring community (social) resilience to disasters, calculated on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, is in the lower range of values. This implies that the overall level of resilience to disasters in the community is relatively moderate. The proximity of values to the lower end of the scale suggests potential room for improvement in community resilience to disasters. Further analysis shows that preventive measures are most commonly taken before dangers such as epidemics, extreme temperatures, and storms. The perception of society's resilience is highest against dangers from epidemics, followed by extreme temperatures and drought. Participants express a relatively high level of confidence in society's ability to cope with epidemics, extreme temperatures, and drought. A detailed analysis of all obtained research results indicates that the general hypothesis predicting a statistically significant correlation between socio-economic factors and social resilience to disasters can be confirmed. Based on the defined hypotheses, data analyses show and confirm two specific assertions: a) the influence of sociological factors on the level of social resilience to disasters is confirmed; b) the influence of economic factors on the level of social resilience to disasters is also confirmed. These results direct our understanding of the relationship between different aspects of socio-economic factors and the ability to withstand disasters in society. On a societal level, the results of this research point to key areas where there is a need to enhance the capacity to resist and overcome the effects of disasters. From a fairness perspective, the focus should be on the older population, as a group that has been shown to be a significant factor in social resilience. Raising awareness and providing resources for the elderly can be crucial in encouraging their active participation in the community and increasing overall social resilience. Tailoring educational campaigns and programs to groups with lower levels of education can also be part of a strategy to increase awareness and preparedness in these population groups. Education about disaster prevention and response measures can significantly impact readiness and information provision, thereby raising the level of social resilience. The scientific implications of this research can enrich the field of social sciences and disaster studies. These studies can serve as a starting point for more detailed analyses of factors contributing to social resilience. New studies can explore specific aspects of older citizens or individuals with low education, contributing to a better understanding of their role in disaster preparedness and response processes. Ultimately, the applications of the results of this research can be broad and include support for the development of policies, programs, and interventions in the field of disaster management. Scientists and practitioners can use this knowledge to better direct resources and efforts towards building a more resilient and prepared society to face the challenges of disasters.

Mitovi o katastrofama: istine i zablude - Myths about disasters: truths and misconceptions

Knjiga ,,Mitovi o katastrofama: istine i zablude“ predstavlja bogatu riznicu podataka o najaktuelnijim i praktikovanim mitovima iz oblasti studija katastrofa, koji se razlikuju po svojoj morfologiji i društvenoj funkcionalnosti. Vešto i pronicljivo objašnjavajući suprotstavljene načine interpretacije ponašanja ljudi u uslovima katastrofa, autori na interesantan, znalački i dovitljiv način elaboriraju opšte mitove o katastrofama, mitove iz domena zdravstva, kao i iz domena pružanja humanitarne pomoći. Neprekidno tragajući za otkrivanjem istine i zablude, autori na virtuozan i naučno prihvatljiv stil preispituju mnogobrojne mitove: prirodne katastrofe si izuzetni i retki događaji; katastrofe ubijaju nasumično bez poštovanja ekonomskog ili socijalnog statusa; tehnologije će spasiti svet od prirodnih katastrofa; zemljotresi su prirodne opasnosti koje prouzrokuju velike ljudske žrtve; prirodne katastrofe slabe moral pogođene zajednice; neodlučnost ljudi za evakuaciju u uslovima katastrofa; nakon katastrofe, stvari se vraćaju u normalu kroz nekoliko nedelja; privremena naselja su idealna stambena rešenja za žrtve katastrofe; preopterećenost najbliže bolnice pacijentima nedaleko od mesta katastrofe; donacije krvi su u uslovima katastrofa neophodne; žrtve katastrofa razvijaju „Sindrom katastrofe“; prirodne katastrofe stvaraju epidemije zaraznih bolesti; mit o paničnom ponašanju ljudi u uslovima katastrofa; katastrofe prouzrokuju antisocijalno ponašanje itd. 

Uvreženost i opšteprihvaćenost spomenutih mitova o katastrofama, naprosto nameću potrebu sprovođenja multimetodskih istraživanja, imajući u vidu da njihovo praktikovanje unapređuje ili unazađuje organizovanje integrisane i efikasne zaštite ljudi i materijalnih dobara od prirodnih i antropogenih katastrofa. Osim neprocenjivih teorijskih elaboracija, autori u naučnoj monografiji predstavljaju impresivne i obilne rezultate kvantitativnog istraživanja u kojem se ispituje nivo praktikovanja mitova o katastrofama. Polazeći od činjenice da je svako ponašanje koje nije zasnovano na naučnim činjenicama domen mitskog tumačenja stvarnosti, višeetapnim slučajnim uzorkovanjem, sprovedeno je sveobuhvatno istraživanje na području Beograda, na uzorku od preko 250 ispitanika. Dobijeni podaci su analizirani i interpretirani korišćenjem statističkih tehnika, kao što su: Standardna višestruka regresija, Hi-kvadrat test, Jednofaktorska analiza varijanse, T-test i Pirsonova linearna korelacija. Rezultati istraživanja prikazanog u monografiji mogu biti iskorišćeni od strane donosioca odluka u Srbiji za potrebe unapređenja sveobuhvatne pripremljenosti za reagovanje u prirodnim i antropogenim katastrofama. The book "Myths about Disasters: Truths and Misconceptions" presents a rich treasury of data on the most current and practiced myths in the field of disaster studies, which differ in their morphology and social functionality. Skillfully and insightfully explaining the opposing ways of interpreting people's behavior in disaster conditions, the authors elaborate general myths about disasters, myths from the domain of health, as well as from the domain of providing humanitarian aid, in an interesting, knowledgeable and ingenious way. Constantly searching for the discovery of truth and delusion, the authors re-examine numerous myths in a virtuoso and scientifically acceptable style: natural disasters are exceptional and rare events; disasters kill at random without respect for economic or social status; technologies will save the world from natural disasters; earthquakes are natural hazards that cause great human casualties; natural disasters weaken the morale of the affected community; indecision of people to evacuate in disaster conditions; after a disaster, things return to normal in a few weeks; temporary settlements are ideal housing solutions for disaster victims; overcrowding of the nearest hospital with patients not far from the disaster site; blood donations are necessary in disaster conditions; disaster victims develop "Disaster Syndrome"; natural disasters create epidemics of infectious diseases; the myth of people panicking in disaster conditions; disasters cause antisocial behavior, etc. The ingrained and generally accepted myths about catastrophes simply impose the need to conduct multimethod research, bearing in mind that their practice improves or regresses the organization of integrated and effective protection of people and material goods from natural and anthropogenic disasters. In addition to invaluable theoretical elaborations, the authors in the scientific monograph present impressive and abundant results of quantitative research in which the level of practicing myths about catastrophes is examined. Starting from the fact that any behavior that is not based on scientific facts is the domain of mythical interpretation of reality, multi-stage random sampling, comprehensive research was conducted in the area of Belgrade, on a sample of over 250 respondents. The obtained data were analyzed and interpreted using statistical techniques, such as: Standard multiple regression, Chi-square test, One-factor analysis of variance, T-test, and Pearson's linear correlation. The results of the research presented in the monograph can be used by decision-makers in Serbia for the purpose of improving the overall preparedness for responding to natural and anthropogenic disasters.

Cvetković, V., & Marina, J. (2021). Mitovi o katastrofama: istine i zablude (Myths about disasters: truths and misconceptions). Beograd: Naučno-stručno društvo za upravljanje rizicima u vanrednim situacijama.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349466625_Mitovi_o_katastrofama_istine_i_zablude_-_Myths_about_disasters_truths_and_misconceptions

Preparedness and Preventive Behaviors for a Pandemic Disaster Caused by COVID-19 in Serbia

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread globally, especially to Europe and North America, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 global coronavirus pandemic disaster. While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia and multi-organ failure and death. As of 19 April 2020, more than 2.35 million cases have been reported across 185 countries and territories, resulting in more than 162,000 deaths. Risk to communities with ongoing sustained widespread disease transmission depends on characteristics of the virus, including how well it spreads between people; the severity of resulting illness; and the medical or other measures available to control the impact of the virus (for example, vaccines or medications that can treat the illness) and the relative success of these. In the absence of vaccine or treatment medications, non-pharmaceutical interventions become the most important response strategy based on community interventions such as person-to-person distancing, mask-wearing, isolation and good personal hygiene (hand-washing) -- all of which have been demonstrated can reduce the impact of this seemingly unstoppable globally spreading natural disaster. This paper presents the results of quantitative research regarding the level of citizen preparedness for disasters caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in Serbia. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire that was given and then collected online among 975 respondents during disaster in March-April 2020. The questionnaire explored citizens’ basic socio-economic and demographic characteristics, their knowledge, preparedness, risk perception and preventive measures taking individually and as a community to prevent the deadly and widespread transmission of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Republic of Serbia. Based on findings that there are major differences in the public's perception of risks presented by communicable disease threats such as presented by COVID-19, emergency management agencies should use these differences to develop focused strategies to enhance community and national preparedness through the promotion of behavioral change and the improvement of risk management decision-making regarding pandemic disasters.

Cvetković, V., Nikolić, N., Nenadić, R. U., Ocal, A., & Zečević, M. (2020). Preparedness and Preventive Behaviors for a Pandemic Disaster Caused by COVID-19 in Serbia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, In press. 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341867412_Preparedness_and_Preventive_Behaviors_for_a_Pandemic_Disaster_Caused_by_COVID-19_in_Serbia

International journal of disaster risk management (IJDRM)

The International Journal of Disaster Risk Management is a peer-reviewed (twice a year) journal that serves all aspects of disaster studies, policy, and management. It provides a platform for academics, policymakers and practitioners to publish high-quality research and practice concerning natural disasters, anthropogenic disasters, complex political emergencies and crises around the world. The journal crosses and affects interdisciplinary boundaries to promote communication, collaboration and teamwork between professions and disciplines to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. The journal encourages to the interchange of ideas and experience, to decrease the risk of disasters and build community resilience within the context of sustainable development and planetary boundaries.

The journal will cover all aspects of disaster risk management from a global perspective, including but not limited to: 

• Disaster and crisis management theory and practice,
• Risk awareness and assessment,
• Hazard and vulnerability analysis,
• Knowledge development including education, training, research and information on disasters,
• Public commitment and institutional frameworks, including organizational, policy, legislation and community action,
• Disaster prevention, mitigation, response, recovery planning, policies, and implementation,
• Promotes the interchange of ideas between practitioners, policy-makers and academics.

Submission process

Authors are kindly invited to submit their formatted full papers. All paper submissions will be blind peer reviewed and evaluated based on originality, research content, correctness, relevance to conference and readability. Please read complete submission and formatting guidelines before submitting your paper.

You can submit your paper via email - disaster.risk.management.serbia@gmail.com.

Sincerely, 

Editor-In-Chief, 

Assist. Prof. Vladimir M. Cvetković, PhD,

Disaster Risk Management 

vladimirkpa@gmail.com; vmc@fb.bg.ac.rs 

The University of Belgrade Faculty of Security Studies, Gospodara Vučića 50, Belgrade, Serbia Founder and Principal of Scientific-Professional Society for Disaster Risk Management, Belgrade, http://upravljanje-rizicima.com/. 

Journal Website - http://upravljanje-rizicima.com/editorial-board/

Problems of inhabitants of Muktagacha Town in Mymensingh District in terms of urban services important for security in natural disasters

The term urbanization normally connotes a trend in increasing proportion of the national population living in urban centers (towns & cities), as well as an increase in the number of urban centers over a period of time. Thus, it means population shift from rural to urban areas and the ways in which a society adapts to the change. It generally results in the physical growth of urban areas. It is predicted that by 2050 about 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world would be urbanized. An urban area can refer to towns, cities, and suburbs. An urban area includes the city itself, as well as the surrounding areas. Many urban areas are called metropolitan areas. In short, it is a geographical area constituting a city or town, where various urban services like electricity, gas, water supply, health facilities are available. Urban services are necessary transition in provision of facilities provided by urban areas. Generally, it is the responsibility of each country to provide urban facilities to its inhabitants. This study focuses on urban services that people of Muktagachha town in Mymensingh District have enjoyed and the major problems they face while getting urban services, as well. Since Muktagachha town is very close to Mymensingh Sadar the trend of urbanization is increasing here. In fact, it is a well – developed upazila of Mymensingh District. The supply of urban services in this upazillais continuously increasing and the quality of these services tries to increase as stated by the upazilla mayor. However, inhabitants still face various problems in getting urban services. This research is going to discuss what types of problems the inhabitants face and what steps can be taken by the pouro authority to improve the quality of urban services.

Sultana, O., Cvetković, V., & Kutub, J. (2017). Problems of inhabitants of Muktagacha town in Mymenssingh district in terms of urban services important for security in natural disaster. Vojno delo, 70(1), 112-155. 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311678120_Problems_of_inhabitants_of_Muktagacha_Town_in_Mymensingh_District_in_terms_of_urban_services_important_for_security_in_natural_disasters

Припремљеност за реаговање на ризике од природних катастрофа

Савремени свет је све више суочен са нарастајућим последицама природних и техничко-технолошких катастрофа. Због тога, неопходно је континуирано спроводити истраживања из области студија катастрофа и пружити носиоцима политике управљања у таквим догађајима свежа и релевантна научна сазнања. Не треба посебно образлагати чињеницу да је безбедност грађана у директној повезаности са различитим нивоима појединачне и институционалне припремљености за реаговање на ризике од природних катастрофа. Текст монографије доц. др Владимира М. Цветковића и Марине Филиповић зналачки је конципиран и утемељен у богатој ризници научних сазнања друштвених наука о реаговању у несвакидашњим догађајима као што су природне катастрофе. Монографија представља систематски напор да се прикаже актуелна стварност вишедимензионалног и мултикаузалног феномена припремљености грађана, локалних заједница и државе за реаговање. Иако су учињени озбиљни напори да се корпус мисаоних претпоставки и утврђених сазнања заокружи, јасно је да монографија не пружа одговоре на сва релевантна питања, већ на она за која су се аутори определили. Критички настројени, аутори су се потрудили да без имало субјективности интерпретирају добијене резултате квантитативне истраживачке традиције. Као плод вишегодишњег научно-истраживачког и практичног бављења проблематиком катастрофа, аутори дају концептуалне препоруке за унапређење безбедности грађана у погледу реаговања на споменуте ризике.

Монографија ,,Припремљеност за реаговање на ризике од природних катастрофа“ настала је под окриљем Центра за ванредне ситуације и еколошку безбедност, формираног у оквиру Универзитета у Београду, Факултета безбедности, Катедре студија цивилне заштите и заштите животне средине, којом руководи цењени професор, а може се рећи и утемељивач модерне науке о катастрофама проф. др Владимир Јаковљевић. Монографија је и резултат рада аутора на међународном пројекту ,,Horizon 2020 project DAREnet - Danube river region Resilience Exchange network targeting the Call topic: SEC-21–GM-2016/2017: Pan European Networks of practitioners and other actors in the field of security“ у који је укључен Универзитет у Београду, Факултет безбедности и других 14 партнера из земље и иностранства. Мисија пројекта јесте стварање предуслова за објективну научну и практичну подршку свим релевантним субјектима и организацијама задуженим за управљање у природним катастрофама (ублажавање, припрема, одговор и опоравак) изазваним поплавама реке Дунав.
Не запостављајући строге али преко потребне сугестије, идеје и савете, аутори посебну захвалност за садржајност и квалитет научне монографије дугују рецензентима: проф. др Славољубу Драгићевићу, проф. др Јасмини Гачић и доц. др Бојану Јанковићу.

1. Сажетак

Полазећи од немогућности спречавања настанка природних катастрофа, људима, нажалост, једино преостаје да унапређују своју припремљеност како би могли да ублаже последице таквих догађаја. Руководећи се значајем припремних активности за избегавање најгорих могућих сценарија природних катастрофа, аутори су коришћењем квантитативне истраживачке традиције на један систематичан начин испитали ставове  грађана о припремљености државних органа, локалних заједница и самих грађана за реаговање у таквим ситуацијама. У првом делу монографије испитани су утицаји демографских, социо-економских и психолошких фактора на индивидуалну припремљеност за реаговање у природним катастрофама. Судећи према добијеним резултатима, од укупно 2471 испитаника само 26,6% је истакло да је спремно за реаговање на природну катастрофу. По истом принципу, аутори су испитали утицаје споменутих фактора и на припремљеност локалних заједница за реаговање. Утврђено је да само 25,5% истиче да је њихова локална заједница припремљена за реаговање.  Са друге стране, резултати показују да је само једна трећина односно 31,6% испитаника нагласило да је држава Србија спремна за реаговање. Утврђено је и да 38,6% испитаника мисли да ће им предузимање мера припремљености помоћи да се изборе са последицама природне катастрофе. На крају, аутори полазећи од  дугогошњег искуства, дају конкретне препоруке за унапређење безбедности грађана за сваку од врста природних катастрофа.

Кључне речи:

1. безбедност

2. природне катастрофе

3. грађани

4. локална заједница

5. држава

6. припремљеност

7. ризици

8. реаговање

9. препоруке

10. фактори 

За цитирање користити:

Цветковић, В., Филиповић, М. (2017). Припремљеност за реаговање на ризике од природних катастрофа. Београд: Задужбина Андрејевић.

Činioci uticaja na svest građana o rizicima od katastrofa

Свакодневно, људи се сусрећу са разноврсним безбедносним ризицима који могу угрозити њихов живот и здравље. Свест грађана о локалним ризицима настанка ванредних ситуација јесте предуслов унапређења њихове припремљености значајне за ублажавање последица. Управо зато, спроведено је квантитативно истраживање са циљем научне експликације чиниоца утицаја на свест грађана о ризицима настанка ванредних ситуација у Србији. Коришћењем вишеетапног узорковања, анкетирано је две и по хиљаде грађана са подручја деветнаест локалних заједница. Резултати истраживања показују да је само половина испитаника свесна ризика настанка ванредних ситуација у локалној заједници. Поред тога, утврђено је да на свест грађана о ризицима утичу пол, године старости, образовање, успех у основној школи, образовање мајке, образовање оца, брачни статус, родитељство, брига о инвалидитету, запосленост, приходи домаћинства, претходно искуство и волонтерство. Научни и друштвени значај истраживања произилази из неиспитаног нивоа свести грађана о ризицима настанка ванредних ситуација и чиниоцима који директно или индиректно утичу на њен ниво. Резултати истраживања могу бити искоришћени за конципирање стратегија и програма усмерених ка подизању свести грађана о локалним безбедносним ризицима.

За цитирање: Cvetković, V., & Jakovljević, V. (2017). Činioci uticaja na svest građana o rizicima nastanka vanrednih situacija u Srbiji - Factors of impact on the citizens awareness of emergency situations risks in Serbia. Paper presented at the Peto naučno savetovanje ,,Upravljanje rizicima".

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ASSESSMENT REACTIONS EFFICIENCY OF POLICE, MILITARY AND FIRE RESCUE UNIT IN NATURAL DISASTER - KOMPARATIVNA ANALIZA OCENE EFIKASNOSTI REAGOVANJA POLICIJE, VOJSKE I VATROGASNO-SPASILAČKIH JEDINICA U PRIRODNIM KATASTROFAMA

U radu su izneti rezultati kvantitativnog istraživanja ocene efikasnosti reagovanja policije, vojske i vatrogasno-spasilačkih jedinica u prirodnim katastrofama. Pri tome, cilj kvantitativnog istraživanja predstavlja naučna eksplikacija uticaja pola, godina starosti, zaposlenosti, nivoa obrazovanja, prethodnog iskustva, roditeljstva i bračnog statusa na ocenu efikasnosti reagovanja. U anketnom ispitivanju u kojem je učestvovalo 2500 građana iz 19 lokalnih zajednica bila je primenjena strategija ispitivanja u domaćinstvima uz primenu višeetapnog slučajnog uzorka. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je ocena efikasnosti reagovanja vojske viša u odnosu na policiju i vatrogasno-spasilačke jedinice. Zatim, na nivou značajnosti od 5% utvrđenja je statistički značajna povezanost ocene efikasnosti reagovanja policije sa prethodnim iskustvom građana, dok su pol, status zaposlenosti, godine starosti i nivo obrazovanja povezani sa ocenom efikasnosti reagovanja vatrogasno-spasilačkih jedinica. Kada je reč o oceni efikasnosti reagovanja vojske, ona je statistički značajno povezana sa statusom zaposlenosti i nivoom obrazovanja. Implikacije sprovedenog istraživanja odnose se na mogućnost unapređivanja efikasnosti reagovanja navedenih interventno-spasilačkih službi u prirodnim katastrofama. Originalnost istraživanja predstavlja uspostavljanje početne empirijsko-teorijske osnove za bolje razumevanje reagovanja navedenih službi u prirodnim katastrofama. Svakako, iako su učinjeni ozbiljni napori za sveobuhvatno razumevanje ocene efikasnosti reagovanja, veliki broj istraživačkih pitanja ostaje da se aktuelizuje u narednim istraživanjima.

Ključne reči: prirodne katastrofe, kvantitativno istraživanje, policija, vojska, vatrogasno-spasilačke jedinice, Srbija.

Abstract: The paper presents results of quantitative research assessment of efficiency reaction of the police, military and fire-rescue units in natural disasters. Thereby, the goal of quantitative research is scientific explication influence of gender, age, employment, level of education, previous experience, parenting and marital status of the evaluation of efficiency reaction. In the survey of which was attended by 2,500 persons from 19 communities was applied test strategy in households with the use of a multi-stage random sample. The research results show that the efficiency rating is higher for military from the police and fire and rescue units. Then, at a significance level of 5% fortifications, statistically significant correlation assess the effectiveness of the police response to the previous experience of citizens, while gender, employment status, age and education levels associated with the assessment of efficiency of reaction of fire and rescue units. When it comes to assess the efficiency of reaction of the army, it was significantly associated with employment status and education level. The implications of the research related to the possibility of improving the efficiency of those emergency response and rescue services in natural disasters. The originality of the research is to establish initial empirical and theoretical basis for better understanding of the services in response to natural disasters. Certainly, although serious efforts were made to assess the effectiveness of a comprehensive understanding of the response, a number of research questions remain to be popular in the future researches.

Key words: natural disaster, quantitative research, police, army, fire fighters, Serbia.

Više o radu: https://www.researchgate.net/publication

The relationship between educational level and citizen preparedness for responding to natural disasters

This paper presents the results of quantitative research into the relationship between educational level and preparedness of citizens to respond to a natural disaster caused by the flood. Starting from the local communities in Serbia that are vulnerable to flooding, 19 of them were selected randomly out of 150 municipalities and 23 cities and the city of Belgrade. In survey research conducted in 2015, which included 2,500 respondents it was applied test strategy in households with the use of a multi-stage random sample. The research results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between educational level and the following variables: preventive measures; financial funds; engaged in the field; engaged in a reception center; visiting to flooded areas; heavy rains; river level rise; and the level of preparedness, supplies in the home; radio-transistor; flashlight; shovel; hack; apparatus for firefighting; supplies in the car; first aid kit in the home and so on. On the other hand, there is no relationship with variables: media reports, information in religious community, on television, education on radio, informal education system. The research results can be used to improve citizen preparedness to respond to disasters caused by flooding. The survey set out recommendations for increasing the level of preparedness to respond in such situations with regard to the educational level of citizens.

Key words: security, natural disasters, floods, citizens, preparedness.

Апстракт: У раду су изнети резултати квантитативног истраживања повезаности нивоа образовања и спремности грађана за реаговање на природну непогоду изазвану поплавом. Полазећи од локалних заједница у Србији које су угрожене поплавама, методом случајног узорка одабрано је њих деветанест од укупно 150 општина и 23 града и града Београда.  У анкетном испитивању спроведеном у току 2015. године којим је обухваћено 2500 испитаника била је примењена стратегија испитивања у домаћинствима уз примену вишеетапног случајног узорка. Резултати истраживања указују да постоји статистички значајна веза између нивоа образовања и променљива: превентивне мере; новчана средства; ангажовани на терену; ангажовани у прихватном центру; обилазак поплављених места; дуготрајне кише; подизање нивоа река; и ниво спремности, залихе у дому; радио-транзистор; батеријска лампа; лопата; крамп; апарат за гашење почетних пожара; залихе у аутомобилу; комплет прве помоћи у дому итд. Са друге стране, није утврђена повезаност са променљивама: извештаји медија, информације у верској заједници, на телевизији, едукација преко радија, неформални систем образовања. Резултати истраживања могу бити искоришћени за унапређење спремности грађана за реаговање у природним непогодама изазваним поплавама. Истраживањем су утврђене препоруке за подизање нивоа спремности за реаговање у таквим ситуацијама с обзиром на ниво образовања грађана.

Кључне речи: безбедност, природне непогоде, поплаве, грађани, спремност

Cvetković, V. (2016). The relationship between educational level and citizen preparedness for responding to natural disasters.Journal of the Geographical Institute “Jovan Cvijić” SASA, 66(2).

Утицај демографских фактора на ниво информисаности грађана о надлежностима полиције у природним катастрофама - The influence of demographic factors on the level of citizen awareness on the police responsibilities in natural disasters

Спроведено истраживање имало је за циљ да утврди природу повезаности демографских карактеристика грађана у Републици Србији и њихове у информисаности о надлежностима полиције у природним катастрофама изазваним поплавама. Узимајући у обзир све општине у Србији у којима постоји ризик од поплава, методом случајног узорка одабрано је њих деветнаест. У одабраним општинама применом вишеетапног случајног узорка анкетиранo je 2500 грађанa у оним деловима и домаћинствима који су угрожени у односу на ниво стогодишње високе воде. 
Резултати истраживања указују да постоји статистички значајна повезаност испитиваних демографских карактеристика (пол, године старости, ниво образовања и успех у средњој школи) и информисаности грађана о надлежностима полиције у природним катастрофама. Само 22% испитаника је истакло да је информисано о надлежностима полиције у природним катастрофама. Информисаност је највиша у вези надлежности ватрогасно-спасилачких јединица у природним катастрофама изазваним поплавом, при чему су грађани старости од 48 до 58 година у највећој мери информисани о надлежностима полиције. Грађани који имају високо образовање забележили су виши ниво информисаности о надлежностима полиције у односу на грађане са завршеном средњом/четворогодишњом школом. Такође, утврђена је статистички значајна разлика резултата код мушкараца и жена у погледу информисаности. 
Резултати истраживања се могу искористити за проактивно побољшање информисаности грађана имајући у виду безбедносне импликације по сам рад полиције у таквим ситуацијама. Друштвена и научна оправданост истраживања произилази из неопходности свеобухватне анализе рада полиције у природним катастрофама и његове оцене од стране грађана.

Кључне речи: безбедност, природне катастрофе, поплава, демографски фактори, информисаност, полиција.

Abstract: The research was aimed to determine the nature of the relationship between demographic characteristics of citizens in the Republic of Serbia and their awareness on the police responsibilities in natural disasters caused by flooding. Taking into account all municipalities in Serbia in which there is a risk of flooding, ninetee were randomly selected. In selected municipalities by using a multi-stage random sample 2,500 citizens were surveyed in those areas and households that are more vulnerable in relation to the level of a hundred year high water. The research results indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the demographic characteristics (gender, age, level of education and success in high school) and the awareness of citizens on the responsibilities of the police in natural disasters. Only 22% of respondents noted that they are informed on the police responsibilities in natural disasters. Awareness is the highest in respect of responsibilities of fire and rescue units in natural disasters caused by flooding, whereby citizens aged 48 to 58 years are best informed on the police responsibilities. Citizens with university degrees showed a higher level of awareness about the police responsibilities compared to the citizens with completed secondary/four-year school. Also, there is a statistically significant difference in the results for men and women in terms of awareness. The research results can be used to proactively improve the awareness of citizens, bearing in mind the security implications for policing itself in such situations. Social and scientific justification of the research stems from the necessity of a comprehensive analysis of police work in natural disasters and its assessment by the citizens.

Key words: security, natural disasters, floods, demographic factors, awareness, police

Za citiranje: Цветковић, В., & Милојковић, Б. (2016). Утицај демографских фактора на ниво информисаности грађана о надлежностима полиције у природним катастрофама. Безбедност, у штампи.

The fear of natural disaster caused by flood

Abstract: The subject of quantitative research is a determination of fear level of natural disaster caused by flood and examination its relationships with demographic and socio-economic characteristics of citizens. The aim of such research is a scientific explanation relationships nature of these characteristics and fear. In order to realize research, randomly was selected nineteen communities in which was surveyed 2,500 persons in 2015. On that occasion, it was applied test strategy in households for the application of the multi-stage random sample. According to the survey, 49.7% of respondents said they feel fear, 16.1% were not sure, and 33.2% do not feel the fear of natural disasters caused by flooding. In addition, the results indicate that there is a statistically significant correlation between the fear to sex, age, education, marital status, employment status, income level, swimming abilities and the type of ownership of the facility in which to live, until such a relationship does not exist with level of religiosity and success in high school. Social and scientific justification of the research arising from the necessity to examine the situation and the level of citizens' fear of natural disaster caused by flood with a view to taking some proactive measures aimed to offset the fear by taking certain measures of preparedness to react in such situations. The research results might be used in planning the psychological help and support to citizens in the stages of preparation, response and recovery from natural disasters.

Keywords: security, natural disaster, citizens, fear, floods, demographic and socio-economic characteristics.

Link for work: 

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/302448851_NATURAL_DISASTER_RISK_INSURANCE_AND_REDUCTION_-_OSIGURANE_I_SMANENE_RIZIKA_OD_PRIRODNIH_KATASTROFA?ev=prf_pub

For citation: Cvetković, M. V., & Sandić, M. (2016). The fear of natural disaster caused by flood. Ecologica, 23(82).  

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) FOR FOSTERING ENVIRONEMTNAL PROTECTION AND SECURITY IN DRINA RIVER BASIN RIPARIAN COUNTRIES

The transboundary nature of the Environmental issues is recognized as a fact, as in Science, so in practice and in politics. On a global level efforts are being made towards making the Communities resilient on Natural Hazards and Catastrophes that arises from them. This is most due of the fact that the Political borders between states are absolutely irrelevant for the Geography and the Natural processes that happens on Earth. One of the most challenging processes that the Human race is facing is the Climate change issue. Also, the level of drinking water, and most of all, the Water management which is being divvied between two or more states is one of the most common mentioned argument towards the understanding of the Environmental Security Doctrine. Thus, meaning that the access to drinking water especially as a result of water management of another Country could be a reason even for war.
That is why this paper tries to answer some of the questions that arises from the fostered international waterway management between three Countries – Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Montenegro (MNE) and Serbia (SRB), through the West Balkans Drina River Basin Management (WBDRBM) actions. These countries, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Montenegro (MNE) and Serbia (SRB) undoubtedly must strengthen the capacity to plan and implement integrated, cooperative management of the trans-boundary Drina River Basin (DRB) and address climate change adaptation throughout the DRB – based on “global best practices” and within the framework of integrated water resource management (IWRM) involving extensive stakeholder consultations to ensure adequate public participation.
The two main questions that this paper is trying to answer are:
- The need for Multi-state cooperation to balance conflicting water uses in trans-boundary Drina waters is enhanced, while climate adaptation measures in policy and planning frameworks is mainstreamed.
- A shared vision and technical cooperation frameworks agreed with sustainable financing identified, including a strategic action plan for more sustainable and balanced investments, including identified investments that would be the subject of the GEF Drina follow-up actions.

For citations: Sudar, S., Aleksandar, I., Cvetković, V., (2016).ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) FOR FOSTERING ENVIRONEMTNAL PROTECTION AND SECURITY IN DRINA RIVER BASIN RIPARIAN COUNTRIES. Paper presented at the 7th International Scientific Contemporary Trends in Social Control of Crime.

Theoretical foundations related to Natural disasters and measuring the resilience of the communities before disasters happens - Establishing proposal variables"

Design/methodology/approach: The paper seeks to answer to the fundamental question about the Natural disasters and their unimpeded existence no matter the preferences of Man, their characteristics, some theoretical observations about the consequences from the Natural disasters, the suitable models for Natural Disaster Management, and, in the end, the Model for measuring the Resilience of the Community according to the place is presented. The paper is divided into 6 parts: 1. Introduction that observes the basic theoretical ground for the material in the paper. Then comes the four major parts: 2. About Natural disasters; 3. Consequences from Natural disasters; 4. Natural disasters Management; 5. Some considerations about determination on the Variables for measuring the resilience based on the location; 6. The model for measuring the resilience according to place; and 5. Final observations and recommendations. The paper is based on qualitative approach. Namely, based on Literature review the Authors had made the overview of the theoretical findings related to the basic questions and the conceptual determination of the meaning on Natural disasters, the consequences that they made, their management, and the proposed variables for measuring the resilience based on cited model, but also express their own concrete suggestions for amending this model. 

Findings: Scientific review of the knowledge related to Natural disasters and the proposal of an amended model for determining variables for measuring resilience of the communities according to place. 

Research limitations/implications: The presented model for determination of the resilience of the communities according to place should be implemented designing a questionnaire and a conducted survey. Not having practical data in this manner represents research limitation. However, this proposal should open a debate in order to formulate model that will be the most applicable in the contemporary societies (at least on regional level). 

Key words: Natural disaster; Community; Resilience; Sustainability.

For citations: Aleksandar, I., Cvetković, V., & Sudar, S. (2016). ​T​​heoretical foundations related to Natural disasters and measuring the resilience of the communities before disasters happens - Establishing proposal variables". Paper presented at the 7th International Scientific Contemporary Trends in Social Control of Crime.

Influence of Income Level on Citizen Preparedness for Response to Natural Disasters

The aim of quantitative research is to examine the influence of income level on the citizen preparedness for response to a natural disaster caused by flood in the Republic of Serbia. Bearing in mind all local communities in Serbia where occurred or there is a high risk of flood occurrence, nineteen of 150 municipalities and 23 cities and the city of Belgrade were randomly chosen. In selected communities the research was performed in those areas that were most affected in relation to the water level or potential risk. The survey applied test strategy in households with the use of a multi-stage random sample. The research results indicated that the citizens who had income above RSD 90,000 at the household level, in a higher percentage took preventive measures, they know what floods are and know the safety procedures. On the other hand, citizens who have income below RSD 25,000 are not yet prepared, or intend to take certain measures in the next 6 months. The originality of the research stems from the fact of unexamined influence of income level on citizen preparedness. The research results can be used when creating strategies to improve the preparedness of citizens for response. The originality of the research is reflected in the fact that Serbia has not examined the influence of income level on preparedness of citizens to respond. The results can be used when creating a strategy to improve the level of citizen preparedness for response with regard to the level of citizen incomes.
Key words: natural disasters, floods, citizens, income, preparedness for response, Serbia.

For citations: Cvetković, V. (2016). Influence of Income Level on Citizen Preparedness for Response to Natural Disasters. Vojno delo, 2016/4.

INTEGRATED SYSTEM OF PROTECTION AND RESCUE IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS - SYSTEM "NUMBER 112 FOR EMERGENCY CALLS" ИНТЕГРИСАНИ СИСТЕМ ЗАШТИТЕ И СПАСАВАЊА У ВАНРЕДНИМ СИТУАЦИЈАМА – СИСТЕМ „БРОЈ 112 ЗА ХИТНЕ ПОЗИВЕ“

У раду су представљени резултати анализе постојећег система заштите и спасавања у ванредним ситуацијама и као кључни недостаци истакнути неуспостављеност Интегрисаног система заштите и спасавања у ванредним ситуацијама и у оквиру њега „Број 112 за хитне позиве“. Овај систем имају све државе чланице Европске уније и данас представља технички услов за земље које желе да постану чланице ЕУ. Законски предуслови за постојање оваквог система у Републици Србији постоје, али Интегрисани систем заштите и спасавања и „Број 112 за хитне позиве“ још увек нису заживели у пракси, иако је Закон о ванредним ситуацијама усвојен 2009. године, а Национална стратегија 2011. године. 

Систем „Број 112 за хитне позиве“ је сложен и скуп, изграђиваће се годинама, а подразумеваће велике материјалне, техничке, кадровске, али првенствено финансијске ресурсе које у овом тренутку Република Србија нема, што представља и главни разлог зашто овај систем до данас није успостављен.

Нацрт Измена и допуна Закона о Ванредним ситуацијама из 2011. године предвиђао је финансирање овог система из претплате корисника фиксне и мобилне телефоније, међутим овај предлог се није нашао у скупштинској процедури. Последње изјаве представника ресорних министарства наговештавају идеје о донаторствима као начину финансирања система, а што ће свакако представљати посебан изазов имајући у виду да су државе које имају систем „Број 112 за хитне позиве“, тај систем финансирале сопственим средствима.

Za citiranje (for citations): Lipovac, M., Cvetković M. V. (2015).  Integrisani sistem zaštite i spasavanja u vanrednim situacijama - sistem ,,Broj 112 za hitne pozive". Evropsko zakonodavstvo, 54.

Ниво спремности грађана за реаговање на природну катастрофу изазвану поплавом у РС

Према стадијуму промене/транстеоријском моделу, грађане је могуће разврстати у 5 нивоа спремности за реаговање: неразмишљање (појединац не намерава да промени или не размишља о променама у скоријој будућности – у наредних 6 месеци), размишљање (појединац није спреман у садашњем тренутку, али намерава да предузме одређене активности у наредних 6 месеци), припремање (појединац је разматрао промену свог понашања за наредни месец), акција (појединац је променио понашање у скоријој прошлости али промене нису заживеле), одражавања (појединац је променио свој понашање и промене су заживеле) (Citizen preparedness review, 2006). Сходно томе, посебна пажња је дата испитивању нивоа спремности грађана за реаговање на природне катастрофе изазване поплавом. Том приликом, од њих је затражено да оцене на којем нивоу спремности се налазе у односу на понуђене одговоре. Од укупно 2297 грађана који су дали одговор на питање ,,На којем нивоу спремности за реаговање на природну катастрофу изазвану поплавом се у овом тренутку налазите“, највећи проценат је оних који не намеравају да промене или не размишљају о променама у скоријој будућности – у наредних шест месеци (60,3%). Са друге стране, најмање је оних грађана који су променили своје понашање у скоријој прошлости али промене нису заживеле (3,3%). Резултати истраживања спроведеног у САД-а, указују да се 23% налази на стадијуму неразмишљања, 35% на нивоу одржавања, 9% на нивоу припремања, 16% на нивоу размишљања и 17% на нивоу акције (табела 1). У поређењу са резултатима националног истраживања у САД, грађани Србије су у много већем проценту на нивоу неразмишљања, а у мањем на нивоу одржавања.

Табела 1. Преглед перцепције нивоа спремности за реаговање

		Фреквенција	Проценти (%)
Неразмишљање	Појединац не намерава да промени или не размишља о променама у скоријој будућности – у наредних 6 месеци	1477	60,3
Размишљање	Појединац није спреман у садашњем тренутку, али намерава да предузме одређене активности у наредних 6 месеци	82	3,3
Припремање	Појединац је разматрао промену свог понашања за наредни месец	176	7,0
Акција	Појединац је променио понашање у скориој прошлости али промене нису заживеле	241	9,6
Одржавање	Појединац је променио свој понашање и промене су заживеле	291	11,6
	Укупно	2297	91,9

За цитирање користити: Цветковић, В. (2015). Спремност грађана за реаговање на природну катастрофу изазвану поплавом у Републици Србији. (Докторска дисертација), Универзитет у Београду, Факултет безбедности.